HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) forms when hemoglobin within red blood cells joins with glucose. HbA1c levels reflect the average blood glucose level during the preceding 2-3 months. Elevated HbA1c are associated with an increased risk of diabetes, diabetic complications, and cardiovascular problems, including heart failure and peripheral vascular disease.
CRP (C-reactive protein) is a protein in the blood that non-specifically increases during inflammation and infection. Even just minimal but persistent levels of inflammation result in small CRP increases. Slightly elevated CRP levels in otherwise healthy individuals are indicative of the development of atherosclerosis, and help to predict the future risk of heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. CRP levels of 1 – 3 mg/L are associated with an average risk of cardiovascular disease. Higher levels (> 3 mg/L) are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.